CLITOCYBE, DANGEROUS MUSHROOMS

Jiří Patočka, Zdeněk Hon
Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, Zdravotně sociální fakulta, katedra radiologie a toxikologie

Korespondenční autor: Jiří Patočka (prof.patocka@gmail.com)

ISSN 1804-7858 (On-line)

Full verze:

Submitted:25. 5. 2009
Accepted: 3. 6. 2009
Published online: 26. 6. 2009

Summary

Clitocybe is a genus of gilled mushrooms that lack partial veils. More than one hundred species of the genus Clitocybe are widely spread all over the world. A few members of the genus are considered edible, many others are poisonous. Toxins of Clitocybe mushrooms are explored inadequately. Three types of toxins were characterized so far: alkaloids, amino acids and short peptides, and pyridine nucleosides. Muscarine, an akaloid compound with cholinotoxic activity, is frequently found in Clitocybe mushrooms. Toxic amino acids represent large group of biologically active compounds of Clitocybe. Some of them act as lathrotoxins, others as neurotoxins. Pyridine nucleosides represented by clitidine are also neurotoxic. It appears that poisonous properties of Clitocybe mushrooms are caused by complex effect of numerous poisonous substances. These toxins were found in some mushrooms in clinically significant concentrations, e.g. Japanese Clitocybe acromelalga, the cause of many poisonings. Ingestion of this mushroom causes acromelalgia, a form of erythromelalgia characterized by redness, pain, and swelling of the fingers and toes, headache, and vomiting. Erythromelalgia is connected with rhabdomyolysis and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; it is often fatal.

Keywords: poisonous mushroom – Clitocybe acromelalga – acromelalgia – toxicology

Souhrn

Strmělky (Clitocybe) představují rod lupenitých hub s neúplnou rouškou. Houby rodu Clitocybe jsou rozšířené po celém světě ve více než stovce druhů. Několik druhů je považováno za jedlé, většina je však jedovatá. Toxiny strmělek jsou dosud nedostatečně prozkoumány. Až dosud byly prozkoumány tři typy toxinů: alkaloidy, aminokyseliny a krátké peptidy, a pyridinové nukleosidy. Častým alkaloidem strmělek je muskarin, sloučenina s cholinotoxickou aktivitou. Početnou skupinu biologicky účinných látek strmělek tvoří toxické aminokyseliny. Některé z nich fungují jako lathrotoxiny, jiné jako neurotoxiny. Také pyridinové nukleosidy reprezentované clitidinem jsou neurotoxické. Zdá se, že jedovatost strmělek je způsobena komplexním účinkem velkého množství jedovatých substancí. V některých strmělkách byly tyto toxiny nalezeny v klinicky významných koncentracích jako např. v japonské Clitocybe acromelalga, která je příčinou četných otrav. Požití této houby způsobuje akromelalgii, což je forma erythromelalgie charakterizovaná zarudnutím, bolestivostí a otokem prstů na nohou, bolestmi hlavy a zvracením. Erythromelalgie je spojena s rhabdomyolýzou, s respiračními a oběhovými problémy (myokarditida) a často končí smrtí.

Klíčová slova: jedovatá houba – strmělka Clitocybe acromelalga – akromelalgie – toxikologie

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